3 MIN READ
Frost and Cold Temperature Damage to Small Soybeans
May 30, 2022
- Soybeans respond differently to frost compared to corn because the growing point is exposed to weather as soon as the cotyledons emerge.
- Understanding the effects of weather conditions on soybean at different growth stages can help determine the best management options.
Soybeans vs. Corn
Soybean are more susceptible than corn to frost and cold temperatures. The growing point for corn remains below ground until corn reaches about the V5 (5 visible leaf collars) growth stage. Comparatively, the growing point for soybean is above ground and exposed to the elements as soon as the cotyledons emerge.
If the main growing point (also called the apical meristem) is damaged, soybeans have a greater ability to recover than corn. Soybean plants can produce new growth auxiliary buds found at each node. When this regrowth occurs from the node where the cotyledons or unifoliate leaves were attached, it has been referred to as psi syndrome due to the shape.
Will My Soybeans Make It?
Frost damage to soybean plants can occur when temperatures range between 28 to 32 °F. Temperatures of 29 to 30 °F may be tolerated for short periods of time when soybeans are in the VE (emergence) to VC (unrolled unifoliate leaves) growth stages. Several days of cool temperatures can harden a plant, and when this occurs, temperatures of 28 °F may be tolerated. Complete death (buds, stems, and leaves) is not expected until temperatures remain at 28 °F for an extended period of time for sensitive plants. Soybeans in the VC stage are slightly more frost tolerant compared to soybeans in the V1(first-trifoliate) and V2 (second-trifoliate) growth stages. Soybeans with emerged trifoliate leaves (V1 and V2 growth stages) become more susceptible to temperatures below 32 °F for any extended time.
Patience is needed to determine if an individual soybean plant is likely to survive a frost. It helps to wait a few days before evaluating the potential for new growth at the auxiliary buds. In Figure 1, the plant on the left has been injured by frost for 24 hours and may have tissue death below the cotyledonary node. The plant on the right was injured by frost, but only down to the area above the cotyledonary node, allowing for regrowth from the auxiliary buds at that node. The growth from those auxiliary buds will be similar to that of the original plant had it not been damaged by frost. The odds of the injured plant on the right producing a respectable yield potential are very good.
24 Hours After Frost
Figure 1. Examples of frost damage to soybeans. Plants with severe frost damage that begins below the cotyledonary bud may have tissue death.
Figure 2. If regrowth at the cotyledonary node is seen, plants may contribute to yield.
Will Soybean Fields Need to be Replanted?
Replanting a field of frost-damaged soybeans demands more consideration since soybeans are more susceptible than corn to frost and cold temperatures. However, soybeans can tolerate stand reductions fairly well. Often, if a soybean stand is evenly distributed, replanting is not recommended unless populations are less than 100,000 plants per acre. As the season progresses, vigilant scouting should continue for seedling blights and environmental damage in soybean fields, especially those damaged by frost.
There are many resources available addressing soybean early growth and survival. Additional information on evaluating soybean early growth and survival can be found in the video blog developed by Extension Specialist Shawn Conley.
Sources
Berglund, D.R. 2004. Spring frost damage to crops could be a problem. News. North Dakota State University. www.ext.nodak.edu.
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